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René Noël Théophile Girard (; ; December 25, 1923 – November 4, 2015) was a French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science whose work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books, with his writings spanning many academic domains. Although the reception of his work is different in each of these areas, there is a growing body of secondary literature on his work and his influence on disciplines such as literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, psychology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy. Girard's fundamental ideas, which he had developed throughout his career and provided the foundation for his thinking, was that desire is mimetic (all of our desires are borrowed from other people), that all conflict originates in mimetic desire (mimetic rivalry), that the scapegoat mechanism is the origin of sacrifice and the foundation of human culture, and religion was necessary in human evolution to control the violence that can come from mimetic rivalry, and that the Bible reveals these ideas and denounces the scapegoat mechanism. Girard was also a member of the Académie française from 2005 until his death on November 4, 2015. == Biography == was born in Avignon on December 25, 1923. Between 1943 and 1947, he studied medieval history at the École des Chartes, Paris. The subject of his thesis was "Private life in Avignon in the second half of the fifteenth century" ("フランス語:La vie privée à Avignon dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle").〔An excerpt from this thesis was reprinted in the René Girard issue of ''Les Cahiers de l'Herne'' (2008).〕 In 1947, Girard went to Indiana University on a one-year fellowship. He was to pursue most of his career in the United States. The subject of his PhD at Indiana University was "American Opinion of France, 1940–1943".〔 Although his research was in history, he was also assigned to teach French literature, the field in which he would first make his reputation as a literary critic by publishing influential essays on such authors as Albert Camus and Marcel Proust. He received his PhD in 1950 and stayed at Indiana University until 1953. He occupied positions at Duke University and Bryn Mawr College from 1953 to 1957, after which he moved to Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, where he became a full professor in 1961. In that year, he also published his first book: ' (''Deceit, Desire and the Novel'', 1966). For several years, he moved back and forth between the State University of New York at Buffalo and Johns Hopkins University. The two most important books published in this period are ''フランス語:La Violence et le sacré'' (1972; ''Violence and the Sacred'', 1977) and ' (1978; ''Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World'', 1987). In 1981 he became Andrew B. Hammond Professor of French Language, Literature, and Civilization at Stanford University, where he stayed until his retirement in 1995. During this period, he published ' (1982), ''フランス語:La route antique des hommes pervers'' (1985), ''A Theatre of Envy: William Shakespeare'' (1991) and ' (1994). In 1990, a group of scholars founded the Colloquium on Violence and Religion (COV&R) with a goal to "explore, criticize, and develop the mimetic model of the relationship between violence and religion in the genesis and maintenance of culture".〔('The rationale for and goals of "The Bulletin of the Colloquium on Violence & Religion"' ) ''COV&R-Bulletin'' No. 1 (September 1991)〕〔("Constitution and By-Laws of the Colloquium on Violence and Religion" ) ''COV&R-Bulletin'' No. 6 (March 1994)〕 This organization also organizes a yearly conference devoted to topics related to mimetic theory, scapegoating, violence, and religion. Girard is Honorary Chair of COV&R. Cofounder and first president of the COV&R was the Roman Catholic theologian Raymund Schwager. In 1985, he received his first honorary degree at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in the Netherlands; several others followed later. On March 17, 2005, Girard was elected to the Académie française. His work has inspired interdisciplinary research projects and experimental research such as the Mimetic Theory project sponsored by the John Templeton Foundation.〔.〕 On November 4, 2015, Girard died at his residence in Stanford, California, following a long illness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「René Girard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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